As global temperatures rise, so do health risks—from heat stress to malnutrition. What’s next for Kenya after COP29 to address these and other mounting challenges?
There is a renewed emphasis on the profound impacts of climate change on health. COP29, held in November, underscored the critical health impacts of climate change, elevating the climate-health nexus on the global agenda and launching the Baku COP Presidencies Continuity Coalition for Climate and Health—co-led by the UK, Egypt, UAE, Azerbaijan, Brazil, and WHO—to prioritize health ahead of COP30 in Belém, Brazil. During Health Day on November 18, Kenya demonstrated leadership through the Ministry of Health’s commitment to establish guidelines for an environmentally sustainable healthcare system, strengthen health professionals’ capacity to address climate-induced health challenges, and translate research into actionable policies.
While these commitments signal progress, global experts caution that they may fall short of addressing the intertwined crises of climate and health comprehensively. Experts from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) argue that COP29’s agreements fell short of the ambition required to fully tackle the intertwined crises of climate change and health. Financial commitments were insufficient and ambiguous, with uncertainty about whether the funds would be grants or loans. This gap is particularly concerning for Kenya, where climate change disproportionately impacts dryland communities and urban poor populations, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities and deepening inequalities. To address these gaps, actionable strategies such as domestic resource mobilization through reallocating national budgets to prioritize health and climate resilience and leveraging regional collaborations within frameworks like the East African Community (EAC) are vital to pool resources and technical expertise, enabling cross-border initiatives that strengthen resilience.
Climate change is not a distant threat—it is already here. Rising temperatures, more frequent and severe droughts and floods, and rapidly degrading soil health, pose a significant threat to livelihoods, human wellbeing and ecological systems, particularly in the dryland regions. In arid and semi-arid areas, vulnerable groups, particularly children under five, women of reproductive age, the elderly, persons with disabilities (PWD), and those with mental health issues are disproportionately affected, with climate change exacerbating existing inequalities. Health experts warn this climate crisis could pave the way for new diseases, potentially resulting in an estimated 24.5 million deaths by 2050. Reports from the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change (2021) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment highlight the direct links between human-induced climate change and health (morbidity and mortality), although specific health impacts remain under quantified, primarily due to limited attribution studies and data gaps, thus inertia around climate action.
Addressing these challenges requires integrating health and nutrition considerations into climate action and prioritizing vulnerable populations in policy discussions. The African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), with financial support from the Wellcome, is working with a consortium of partners—including PELUM-Kenya, the University of Nairobi, the Center for International Forestry Research and World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Oxford University, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (LSTHM), Loughborough University, and East African region universities including Makerere University (Uganda), Mekelle University (Ethiopia) and Sokoine University of Agriculture (Tanzania)—to enhance understanding of the linkages, increase the visibility of climate impacts on health, and catalyze appropriate policy and practice change at scale in East Africa through the “Visibilizing Climate Change Impacts on Nutrition and Mental Health among Vulnerable Populations in East African Drylands” project.
This project focuses on raising awareness of climate change's health impacts through research, community engagement, and policy advocacy. Participatory research methods and community engagement will be used to document these lived experiences, ensuring that community voices inform our research and advocacy.
Spotlighting climate-related mental health issues is also at the heart of this study. The Kenya National Adolescent Mental Health Survey revealed that 44.3% of adolescents are experiencing mental health issues, often tied to climate-related stressors. However, the linkage between these mental health challenges and climate change remains underexplored—an oversight we aim to address.
A critical methodology in this project is Attribution Science, where we analyze historical climate, ecological, and nutritional data to quantify how climate change impacts crop diversity and yields, consequently affecting nutritional status. Additionally, we will estimate future food availability under various scenarios of agroecological climate adaptation compared to a baseline scenario of no change. The data, modeled on a synthetic population of Kenya, will estimate health impacts from changes in food availability.
The #Visibilize4ClimateAction project study aligns closely with Kenya’s National Climate Change Action Plans and the Paris Agreement. It aims to enhance bold climate solutions, including agroforestry, agroecological practices, and other community-driven mitigation and adaptation measures.
As COP30 in Belém approaches, Kenya has the opportunity to lead by example by translating its commitments into action.
By: Alice Karanja, PhD., Associate Research Scientist, Felistus Mwalia, Policy Engagement and Communications, and William S. Mawia, Policy Engagement and Communications, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC).
This article has also been published in various print and online media outlets as part of our continued effort to visibilize the links between climate change and health.
The Earth’s atmosphere naturally traps heat from the sun to keep our planet warm enough for life. However, human activities—primarily the burning of fossil fuels—have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O).
When these gases accumulate, they trap more heat, leading to a rise in global temperatures.
The last decade was the hottest on record. Even a small temperature increase can drastically impact weather patterns and ecosystems.
Heatwaves, hurricanes, floods, and droughts are becoming more frequent and intense. These events not only cause damage to infrastructure but also threaten lives and livelihoods.
Glaciers and polar ice caps are melting at alarming rates, contributing to sea-level rise that threatens coastal communities worldwide.
Increased air pollution from burning fossil fuels leads to respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic conditions.
Extreme weather events and displacement can cause anxiety, depression, and trauma in affected populations.
Changes in rainfall patterns and temperatures affect crop yields, leading to food shortages and higher prices.
Mitigation focuses on reducing or preventing greenhouse gas emissions.
Solar, wind, and hydroelectric power can replace fossil fuels, reducing CO₂ emissions.
Upgrading buildings, appliances, and transportation systems can significantly lower energy consumption.
Adaptation involves adjusting to the impacts of climate change.
Developing drought-resistant crops and improving irrigation systems help protect food supplies.
Cities can design infrastructure that withstands floods, heatwaves, and other climate-related events.
Small actions—such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and using public transport—can collectively make a big impact.
Raising awareness and urging policymakers to act is crucial. Schools, NGOs, and media play a key role in spreading accurate climate information.
Every fraction of a degree matters. By working together—governments, businesses, communities, and individuals—we can slow down climate change and protect our planet for future generations. The time to act is now.
